1
2
  -2024
.. 

(:  )
: 3     : 75
:             
-
1. -        
2.    ?      
-
3.           '  
4.             
-
5.        
6.    -    ?
2
2
 -
7.          
8.     SD   :
.. 
80-84 2
75-79 4
70-74 4
65-69 8
60-64 10
55-59 6
50-54 6
45-49 5
40-44 3
 = 48
3
2
 -2024
..  

(:  )
: 3     : 75
:             
-
1. -        
: -     :   
          (  ,   )
   
             
        
       
 
 ,  
    
 ,        ?
,  
-    
 ,          ?
-          ,      
        
-            ,      
        
   
   
               
        
        , 
 , , ,     
""    19
         
            -      
4
2
-     
1.   -    -      
 
o :          
2.   (    , JND)-         
  
o :                
3.    -               
 
   :   
       ,       (JND) 
             ,     
     
     
:
ΔI =     
I =   
k =        
                 
       
    
1.   
o  
1     ,  0.1      
 
o   
10     ,  0.1     '  
 
,  1       
o     
        ,  
  
5
2
2.   
o  
       ,      
o ,  -   ,    
 
  
     
o            
3.   
o  
           
 ,  

   
o ,  
    ,        
   
           
4.  
o  
            ,    
  
o ,  
          
 ,  
     
 
  
            
    '   
    
1.    
o             
,   , ,        
2.    
o :          
     ,    '     
 '         
o   :       , 
           '    
 
o      :       
           
6
2
3.     
o     (     )   

o   (k) -  (  , , )    

               
-
                

               
  
  ,  
            
  
   , ,         
                  
 
2.    ?      
:     
               , 
       ,     -      
       ,         
 
   -           
-     ,              
   ?
              - 50%  ' 
    ,              
 
 :
                   

                  
        -         
  
7
2
           
  , , , 
              ,   
           ,        
        
  
  
   
         
 ,     ' 
     ' 
           
 ,       
 ,       ' 
  
 ,       
   
?
1.  :        
           
2.  :               
       
3.    :   ,     
        
,    
     
 , LED      
          
            ,    

                
  :      

               
 ,
                 
   
         (    ) -  
                  
  
      ?
  ,         :
1.  :    (   )      -  
         
 
2.  :     '     '     - 
       

8
2
    
1.    (    )    '     
  
 
2.    -        
    
       
3. ,    '   ,       

4.   -         
   
  
5.       ,        
     
    
                
 :
 1:            

 2: -        
, "    
"          
 3:,     
   -  
   
 
, "     
"      
   
 4:           
         ,      
   
      

1.     :             
     

2.    :           
    
3.       :       
 
       
9
2

1.  :              
,    
2.  :         ,      
 ,        
3.   :          
   


,    
         

     -      - 50%  '  
  -    , ,     -    -
       ,          
      -            
           
      
       '   ,     ,  
    
        ,     
,                 
        ,        
           
-
3.           '  
:       
   
 , ,              
, ,            ,  
   ' ,      -   
       
-   -        
   :
  (        )   
  ,         
10
2
    "    ,     
     "   
              
      
;   ,    
         ,      
                 ,  -
   
     
  ,    1963         
       
       :
1.   (Gf)
2.   (Gc)
1.    (Gf)
     ,       '   
               
   
    :
   , ,   '  

    ,        
              
              
    
    :
     
    
       
       
               
                 ,
      
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2
2.   (Gc)
          ,    

                
 
   :
      '  
      
          
    ,  ,         

         
   :
           
       
      
          
- ,       , -      
  ,       '  
; ,     
 
       

   (Gf)
  (Gc)

     
   
   
   

  '  

       '
  
     '     
  
      

 
    
       

  
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2
    
       
           
  -        '   ( ) 
    ,        ( ) '   
 :             
  ,         
 , 
       
 
  :           ( 
   , )    '    ,   
    '    (  , )  
    
  :
        ,      
              


       ,           
    
 :   (     ) 
  (    )     , -   
    
      , 
   , 
        
 ,          ,     
             ,    
       ,    -     
   
4.             
:                  :
 ()   (-)        ,
                 
      ,           
  ,     
 ,      - 

  
13
2
:  
          
     
       -    ,     , ,  
                  
      
 
      
1.  :    '         
   ,   -      '    
        
     ,    
100%   ,   IQ         ,  
   50%              
   
2.     :         ,  
       ,       , 
  ,   (        
 )          ' ,  
        
3.    :  ,        
     ,         ,  
    ,            

  
        ,     
     
  ,              '   
 ,          ,     
            ,       
 
 
: -  
    
         ,  
 , ,           
        
      
1.    :            
              
   ,     '   ,    
14
2
  ,        ,        
  
2.   :         ,    ,
       ,      
       ,        
            
3.     :           

   ,   -    
            ,    
    
4.    :  ,   ,   
 ,       ,      
    '           
              
5.    :          -  
,     -       , 
          
  
          
 ,    
  
   ,        

        ,    
             
     
     
;        
  
     -   -  
  
   
1. - :           
             ,   
                ,
             ,   
       
2. -  :      '     ' 
 ,     ,        
               , 
15
2
                

   
         '          
,           ,      
                  ,
       ,       
    
      
  - 
                  
     ,             
  
 :           ' 
         
        
  IQ          
- : -         
              
        ,      

,               
                
 
 
        , -    
  
 
1. :               
               
-    ,      
    
2. -:        -    
        ,     
      
3.  :          
 
 ,   , ,         
  ,   ,       ,   
      
16
2

 ,              
            ,     
                 
  ,    -         
  , 
           
    ,           
-
5.        
:     :     
 ,   ,         
                ,  
              , 
           
              -  
    ,       ,   
            ,  
       :
1.  ( )
2.  (   )
3.  (  )
          
1. :       
                   
,   , ,               
 '   ,               
  :
   
         
   , 
              
  
     -     
17
2
                ,      '
 
2. :       
- 
   ,            
        '    ,       
        '       
  ( )   (  -)      
            
  :
              , "   
    , 
             
 "
          ,        
 
        -         
   
3. :      
        , -    
 
      
     ,        
      
    :
 (     '   
 )
  (    '         )
  :
      ,    , "       
          "
        -         
  '        
 
,        ?
               ,  
  
 ,       
18
2
,       :
   
       ,      
 

  : "  !    ,        "
  : "       
 "
  : "   , 
  


    

 ?"
 ,                 
      
         - -      
            ,       
    
   :
1.    (0-1 ):        
2.   (1-3 ):         
3.   (3-6 ):       
4.   (6-12 ):    ,     ' 
5.   (12+ ):      
              ,    
       
 :
             
   
            ( "
"    )     
    
      ,         :
1.   '    :        
  
 
2.    :     '   
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3.    '  :    ,     
    
   ,           
  ,            

             ,    
        :
 (  )
 (  )
 (   -)
       ,  ,      
    '   ,         , 
           
  
    , 
         ,   
       
6.    -    ?
:     
        ,      
          ,     
          ,   ,  
,           ,      
  
              ,   
,      ""      
           
 
   
     ,       -    
       '    
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1.   
        ,   1921      
     10      ,    ,   
                
 :
     
,         ' 
   
    ,         
   
:
   
               
 ,              , 
  ,             
2.    (TAT)
      , TAT -       
            ,    :
   ?
     ?
  ?
      ?
 :
      
 ,     ,   
   
             
 
:
              ,   
 :
"    ,         " (   
          )
21
2
"         " (    
     )
3.   
                  
   ,      
:
"     _______"
"  
   _______"
"     _______ "
 :

       ,       

   ,         

4. --  ()
  ,          ,    
           
 :
  ,   ,     -,     
   
      
 ,        ,  
          
:
          ,       ,  
      ,               
5.   
  ,      ,       
     
 
 :
   ,            
22
2
      ,          
:
: "" → : "" (  
 )
: "" → : "" (     

 )
6.   ( )
        
     
  
      
 :
              
           ,    ,   
   
:
     
  ,         

              

 ,         
   
            
              '   
 
 
             
    
   
       - -       
   
    '  
 
     '   
          
23
2

             ,  
      , , ,   '   
            ,   
      
               
          ,  , ,   
 
,              
 
 -
7.          
:       
-
 
      ,  
   '   
                   
              
                     , 
        ,   
 ,            A ,  80, 82,
81,  83   B ,  60, 90, 75,  85       ()  
   ,  B              B 
  
  , 
      ,     
                    
   :
1. 
2.   (IQR)
3. 
4.  
         -         
 
24
2
1. 

                    
   
:
:
             45, 50, 55, 60,  90  
 
    = 90
    = 45
 = 90 - 45 = 45
         45    
  
  :         
     :          ' 
 ,         
 
   :           ,  
  '  
2.    (IQR)

  (IQR)          50% '   
   ()             
     
IQR     :
1.      
2.  ( ) 
3.   (Q1)    (Q3) 
o Q1 ( ):       
25
2
o Q3 ( ):       
4. IQR   :IQR=Q3−Q1\text{IQR} = Q3 - Q1IQR=Q3−Q1
:
   '  :20, 30, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100
Q1 = 30 (   : 20, 30, 50)
Q3 = 80 (   : 70, 80, 100)
 = 80 - 30 = 50
IQR  
     :  , IQR    

   :     '   ,   IQR   
   
     :  , IQR   
       
3. 

           ()        
         
      ,  
           
:
:
X =   
𝑥=   
N =    
:
2, 4, 6, 8, 10  '  
1.  :
26
2
2.     :
o (2 - 6)² = 16
o (4 - 6)² = 4
o (6 - 6)² = 0
o (8 - 6)² = 4
o (10 - 6)² = 16
3.  :
  
   :    ,    
     :     ' 
 
     :      
4.  

  (SD)        
      
              
:
 (      ):
 8    ,
   
27
2
      
       
     :            
-    
   :       , , 
           

          
     
        
         
  (IQR)       
           
                
 
    ,          ,  
   ,             
  
8.     SD   :
.. 
80-84 2
75-79 4
70-74 4
65-69 8
60-64 10
55-59 6
50-54 6
45-49 5
40-44 3
 = 48
28
2
:   (SD)       
-
  (SD)             ()    
                    
   
              
  
          :
  (CI)
 (f)
80 - 84
2
75 - 79
4
70 - 74
4
65 - 69
8
60 - 64
10
55 - 59
6
50 - 54
6
45 - 49
5
40 - 44
3
   : = 48
 1:      
      (X)       :
     ,   :
  (CI)
 (f)
  (X)
80 - 84
2
82
75 - 79
4
77
70 - 74
4
72
29
2
65 - 69
8
67
60 - 64
10
62
55 - 59
6
57
50 - 54
6
52
45 - 49
5
47
40 - 44
3
42
 2: (X
) 
    :
   :
 ,   :
 3: (X - X
)      
 
 (X - X
)               
 
80 - 84
20.94
438.43
75 - 79
15.94
254.10
70 - 74
10.94
119.73
65 - 69
5.94
35.29
60 - 64
0.94
0.88
55 - 59
-4.06
16.48
50 - 54
-9.06
82.08
45 - 49
-14.06
197.68
40 - 44
-19.06
363.31
 4:      
,      (f)      :
 5:    
  (SD)    :
30
2
  :

      10.54     , ,     
10.54   
    
              
      ,      ,    
        ,     ,     

    , 10.54            
 
 
                 
  , 
             , 
,            
:           ( )      
         , 
         